Txoj hav zoov nyob hauv lub tebchaws no feem ntau hu ua hav zoov ua lag luam; cov ntoo yog siv los ua ntoo rau tsev thiab rooj tog lossis ntoo. Nws yog feem ntau tsis nco qab hais tias nws yog ib qho amazing ecosystem uas yog lub tsev rau ntau yam paj thiab ntsuab nroj tsuag (thiab tsiaj). Tab sis tsis yog txhua lub hav zoov zoo ib yam, tsis yog cov ntoo sib txawv, tab sis txhua tsob ntoo hauv hav zoov.
Hloov hav zoov faib li cas?
Ntawm ib sab, hav zoov tau muab faib ua deciduous, sib xyaw thiab coniferous hav zoov raws li hom ntoo uas lawv muaj. Lwm cov nroj tsuag hav zoov kuj tuaj yeem raug cais raws li lawv qhov siab. Yog tias koj saib tom hav zoov zoo li lub tsev, tom qab ntawd cov ntaub ntawv hauv paus, yog li hais, hauv qab daus uas muaj ntau yam tsiaj nyob; cov nroj tsuag ntsuab tsis tuaj yeem pom muaj. Cov txheej hauv av ua rau hauv pem teb. Lichens, mosses thiab nceb (tej zaum cov nroj tsuag nquag siv hauv hav zoov) loj hlob ntawm no. Thawj pem teb nrog ntau hom nroj tsuag yog hu ua tshuaj ntsuab txheej. Nws yog hais txog 1.50 meters siab. Cov tshuaj ntsuab, nyom, ferns thiab paj ntoo tuaj yeem pom ntawm no. Cov nroj tsuag, hauv pem teb thib ob, muaj ntau hom tsiaj nplua nuj thiab ncav cuag qhov siab ntawm ib ncig ntawm tsib meters. Cov ntoo txheej tsim lub qab nthab.
Fuling ntawm av txheej
Cov av feem ntau muaj lub neej ntau dua li koj paub thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Ntxiv rau cov kab thiab kab mob, koj tuaj yeem pom cov nroj tsuag zoo nkauj hauv hav zoov.
Moos
Cypress lossis dormouse moss (Hypnum cupressiforme)
- siv kom qhuav thiab siv ua hauv ncoo filling
- zoo nkauj heev thiab sib txawv hauv tsos
Swanneck hnub qub moss (Mnium hornum)
- 2 txog 5 cm siab
- xav kom nthuav tawm zoo li lawn
Mushrooms
Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria)
- poisonous, intoxicating drug
- nyob rau hauv deciduous thiab coniferous hav zoov
- Kuv nyiam birch thiab spruce ntoo
Ball mushroom (Amanita phalloides)
- tuag tshuaj lom
- nyob rau hauv deciduous forests
Chestnut Boletus (Boletus badius)
- edible
- zoo dua hauv hav zoov coniferous (spruce thiab ntoo thuv)
Chantarellus (Cantharellus cibarius)
- edible
- mossy xau nyob rau hauv deciduous thiab coniferous forests
Boletus(Boletus edulis)
- edible
- nyob rau hauv deciduous thiab coniferous hav zoov
Ntsuab nceb (Agaricus silvaticus)
- edible
- hauv hav zoov coniferous, nyiam dua nrog cov ntoo spruce
Tip:
Tsuas sau cov nceb uas koj paub zoo tiag tiag, ntau yam edibles muaj ib qho inedible los yog lom counterpart. Koj tuaj yeem nkag siab koj txoj kev paub thiab kawm ntau yam txog nceb ntawm cov nceb tshwj xeeb seminars.
Nyob paj ntoo
Elf Paj, Sock Paj (Epimedium)
- Height: 20 to 35 cm
- Nov: ovate rau ovate-lanceolate, serrate ntug, basal los yog faib raws qia
- Paj: dawb, daj lossis liab, muag heev, plaub npaug
- Plaub lub sij hawm: Lub caij ntuj sov thaum ntxov
Common hazelroot, dab ntxwg nyoog haus luam yeeb, khib, glandwort (Asarum europaeum)
- Qhov chaw: nyiam nyob rau hauv deciduous thiab mixed forests
- Nov: sib npaug mus rau lub raum, hauv qab plaub hau
- Paj: pitcher-puab, xim av-liab, nrog 3 lobes
- Plauj lub sij hawm: March txog May
- Special nta: evergreen, tsw me ntsis peppery
Ntoo sorrel (Oxalis acetosella)
- Qhov chaw: nyiam nyob hauv hav zoov sib xyaw thiab coniferous
- Height: 5 to 15 cm
- Nov: nyom-ntsuab, peb feem, clover zoo li pinnate, saj qaub
- Paj: dawb lossis liab
- Plauj lub sij hawm: Plaub Hlis Ntuj txog Lub Rau Hli
Ntsuab nplooj nplooj
Tsis yog tsuas muaj tsiaj muaj sia xwb tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam nroj tsuag nkaum hauv hav zoov. Yog koj taug kev hauv hav zoov qhib qhov muag, koj yuav pom ntau heev.
Grasses
Drahtschmiele (Deschampsia flexuosa)
- Sweetgrass
- hlob rau cov av acidic thiab tsis zoo
Common quaking grass (Briza media)
- Sweetgrass
- lean av
- tuaj yeem pom hauv clearings
Ferns
(Hloov) poj niam fern (Athyrium filix-femina)
- summergreen
- 30 cm to 1 m long fronds
Common Thorn Fern (Dryopteris carthusiana)
mus txog 90 cm ntev fronds
True worm fern (Dryopteris filix-mas.)
- ntsuab mus txog lub caij ntuj no
- 30 cm to 1 m long fronds
paj ntoo
Broom Heather,Heather, (Calluna vulgaris)
- Qhov chaw: prefers light (pine) forests, heathland
- Height: 30 cm to 1 m
- Nov: me, tawv, nplai zoo li tus
- Paj: ntom racemose inflorescences nrog dawb, liab lossis ntshav paj
- Plaub lub sij hawm: Lub caij ntuj sov lig rau lub caij nplooj zeeg
- Special nta: evergreen dwarf shrub, woody
Blueberry,Blueberry, Bickberry, Cranberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
- Qhov chaw: hauv ntoo thuv thiab hav zoov sib xyaw
- Height: Dwarf shrub, 10 to 60 cm
- Nov: nyom ntsuab, 2 txog 3 cm ntev, ovate rau elliptic, me ntsis serrate rau finely toothed
- Paj: ntsuab mus reddish
- Plauj lub sij hawm: Plaub Hlis, Tsib Hlis
- txiv hmab txiv ntoo: siab tshaj 1 cm loj dub-xiav berries, nyob ib leeg, me ntsis flattened, edible
Red foxglove,Foxweed, zoov tswb (Digitalis purpurea)
- Qhov chaw: prefers sparse coniferous hav zoov
- Height: mus txog 2 m siab
- Nov: basal nplooj rosette nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo, tom qab basal nplooj mus txog 20 cm ntev
- Paj: paj liab-ntsuab paj hauv racemose inflorescences
- Plauj lub sij hawm: Lub Rau Hli txog Lub Yim Hli, tsuas yog xyoo thib ob xwb
- Tshwj xeeb nta: Cov tshuaj lom tuag rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag txawm tias me me!
Smelly hellebore (Helleborus foetidus)
- Qhov chaw: Oak thiab beech forests, hav zoov ntug, nyiam me ntsis calcareous av
- Height: txog li 60 cm
- Nplooj:tseem tsw tsw qab
- Paj: lub teeb ntsuab, qee zaus nrog me ntsis reddish ntug, hauv pawg, dai, tshwm nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg
- Plom sij hawm: lig caij ntuj no, thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav
- Special nta: Subshrub, poisonous
Deadnettle (Lamium)
- Height: 20 to 80 cm
- Nov: rov qab, plaub hau, bluntly notched to coarsely toothed
- Paj: di ncauj blossoms, saum di ncauj arched, sab di ncauj multi-lobed, dawb, daj, liab mus rau ntshav
- Lub sijhawm paj: nyob ntawm ntau yam txij lub Plaub Hlis mus txog rau thawj Frost
Hloov tshis hwj txwv (Aruncus dioicus)
- Height: 80 cm to 1.5 m
- Nov: Nplooj mus txog 1 m ntev, ob mus rau peb ntawm peb los yog tsib ntu, sharply toothed
- Paj: dawb, me, spiked ib nrab inflorescences teem nyob rau hauv panicles on overhanging tag nrho inflorescences
- Plauj lub sij hawm: Lub Rau Hli txog Lub Xya Hli
Forest Whitewort,Multi-flowered Whiteroot (Polygonatum multiflorum)
- Height: feem ntau 30 txog 60 cm, tsis tshua muaj mus txog 1 m
- Nov: Upper side dark ntsuab, underside grey-ntsuab, alternate, ob-lined, ovate rau elliptical, 5 mus rau 17 cm ntev
- Paj: dawb nrog ntsuab tswv yim, 6 mus rau 7 mm ntev, tsw tsw, racemose inflorescences nrog 3 mus rau 5 paj
- Plauj lub sij hawm: Tsib Hlis mus rau Lub Rau Hli
- txiv hmab txiv ntoo: Tsaus xiav rau dub berries, frosted, 7 mus rau 9 mm nyob rau hauv loj
- Special nta: tshuaj lom nyob rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag
Txoj kev cog qoob loo
Cov nroj tsuag txheej feem ntau tshwm sim hauv hav zoov tsis tshua muaj thiab yuav luag tsis pom hauv hav zoov tsaus nti coniferous. Cov ntug hav zoov thiab kev tshem tawm tshwj xeeb yog hom nplua nuj.
Blackberries (Rubus sectio rubus)
nyob rau hauv sparse forests
Hazelnut (Corylus avellana)
nyob rau hauv sparse forests, ntawm ntug hav zoov
Raspberries (Rubus idaeus)
ntawm ntug hav zoov thiab hauv kev tawm
Dog Rose (Rosa canina)
nyob rau hauv sparse forests thiab ntawm ntug hav zoov
Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)
- ntawm ntug hav zoov
- xav tau ib tug npauj npaim cog
Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)
- hauv hav zoov clearings
- txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis muaj tshuaj lom
- siav yuav tsum tau noj sov xwb
Rowberry (Sorbus aucuparia)
- me me zoo li txiv apples
- tsob zaub tseem ceeb rau ntau yam tsiaj
- nyob rau hauv txhua lub hav zoov, nyiam ntawm ntug hav zoov
Hawthorn (Crataegus)
- nyob rau hauv sparse deciduous thiab Pine forests
- edible txiv hmab txiv ntoo
Tub ntoo txheej
Cov ntoo txheej yog tsim los ntawm cov ntoo deciduous thiab coniferous sib txawv, tej zaum cov nroj tsuag tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv hav zoov. Koj tuaj yeem pom feem ntau yog spruces thiab beeches ntawm no, tab sis kuj pines, firs, oaks, maples thiab larches thiab, nce, Douglas firs.
Native conifers
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
- ntoo coniferous txawv teb chaws (yog cog rau hav zoov nyob teb chaws Europe)
- mus txog 50 m siab
- Crown: conical, zoo ib yam li spruce
- Lub cev: cylindrical, ncaj
- Bark: du, grey, nrog resin pob, tom qab reddish mus rau tsaus xim av, tuab tawv tawv, sib sib zog nqus tawg
- koob: mos, sab saum toj ntsuab, hauv qab nrog 2 lub teeb kab txaij, tiaj tus, muaj ntxhiab tsw
- Cones: 5 txog 10 cm ntev, dai, lub teeb xim av
Spruce (Picea abies)
- mus txog 50 m siab
- Crown: slim, conical
- Trunk: columnar
- Bark: grey-xim av rau liab-xim av, thinly scaled
- koob: ntsuab tsaus, square, zaum ncig ceg
- Cones: dai, 10 mus rau 16 cm ntev
Pine (Pinus sylvestris)
- mus txog 40 m siab
- Crown:umbrella-like
- Lub cev: feem ntau ncaj
- Bark: tuab grey-xim av tawv hauv qab, nyias, liab-daj-daj thiab tev tawm rau saum
- koob: 3 txog 7 cm ntev, ntawm luv tua, xiav rau grey-ntsuab
- Cones: qe-puab, grey-xim av, luv-stemmed
Larch (Larix decidua)
- mus txog 50 m siab
- Crown: me ntsis conical
- Bark: tob tob, grey-xim av, liab sab hauv
- koob: mos, lub teeb ntsuab, nyob rau hauv pawg ntawm luv tua, golden daj nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg, needleless nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no
- Cones: 3 mus rau 4 cm ntev, qe-puab, xim av, sawv ntsug
(White) fir (Abies alba)
- mus txog 50 m siab
- Crown: theej flattened, zoo ib yam li stork lub zes
- Lub cev: ncaj
- Bark: dawb mus rau silver-grey, finely tawg
- Koob: Hauv qab nrog 2 kab kab dawb ntsug, sab sauv tsaus ntsuab, tiaj tus
- Cones: tsuas yog nyob rau sab saum toj, sawv ntsug, 10 mus rau 15 cm ntev
Native deciduous ntoo
Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
- mus txog 30 m siab
- Bark: du, xim av-grey, tom qab tev tawm nyob rau hauv lub teeb brownish flat scales
- Nov: ntev-stemmed, opposite, 5-lobed (xws li 5 ntiv tes), taw tes indented
- Fruits: muaj 2 tis puag ncig txiv ntoo
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
- mus txog 30 m siab
- Bark: blackish, finely cracked, not flaking
- Leaves: 5 txog 7 lobed, blunt cut (round), serrated
- Fruits: muaj li ntawm 2 tis tiaj tus txiv ntoo
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
- txog li 40 m siab, tab sis feem ntau 15 mus rau 20 m
- Crown:feem ntau lub teeb
- Lub cev: ntev thiab ncaj
- Bark: thawj zaug ntsuab, ces grey rau grey-xim av, tawg
- Leaves: opposite, imparipinnate, feem ntau 11 saw-toothed leaflets
- txiv hmab txiv ntoo: cov txiv ntoo me me, feem ntau yog cov noob ib leeg, elongated, daj-xim av, hauv dai, tufted panicles
Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)
- mus txog 25 m siab
- Lub cev: muaj zog indentations
- Bark: silver-grey, smooth
- Nov: ob-kab, alternate, taw-qe-puab, sharply ob-serrated, folded nyob rau hauv parallel lateral leeg
- Fruits: me me, noob ib leeg, hauv xoob dai catkins
Common beech (Fagus sylvatica)
- mus txog 40 m siab
- Lub cev: ntev, ncaj
- Bark: du, silver grey
- Nov: alternate, two-lined, edge smooth or me ntsis wavy
- Fruits: triangular beechnuts, ci xim av, prickly plhaub
Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur)
- mus txog 35 m siab
- Crown: irregular, xoob
- Lub cev: Relatively luv, ntxov branching
- Bark: pib nyiaj-grey, du thiab ci, los ntawm ib ncig ntawm 30 xyoo grey-xim av thiab sib sib zog nqus
- Nov: alternate nyob rau hauv pawg, 4 mus rau 5 rounded lobes ntawm ob sab
- Fruits: cylindrical acorns, nyob rau hauv lub khob zoo li lub khob, 1 mus rau 3 txhua ntawm lub qia ntev
Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea)
- mus txog 40 m siab
- Crown:irregular
- Tub:long
- Bark: pib nyiaj-grey, du thiab ci, los ntawm ib ncig ntawm 30 xyoo grey-xim av thiab sib sib zog nqus
- Nov: alternate, evenly faib, 5 mus rau 7 rounded lobes ntawm ob sab
- Txiv Hmab Txiv Ntoo: cylindrical acorns, nyob rau hauv lub khob zoo li lub khob, pawg hauv pawg (3 mus rau 7) ntawm lub qia luv
Special nroj tsuag hauv hav zoov deciduous
Yog li hu ua thaum ntxov bloomers tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau lub hav zoov deciduous. Lawv tawg nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, ua ntej cov ntoo tawm tawm thiab cov nplooj tuab tuab ua rau lub hav zoov. Haiv neeg thaum ntxov bloomers yog ib qho khoom noj tseem ceeb heev rau cov kab thaum lawv muab cov kua qab zib thawj xyoo.
Ntsuab paj ntoo
Tswb qej, qej qus, hav zoov los yog dev qej (Allium ursinum)
- qhov chaw nyiam: cov av noo thiab beech forests
- Height: 20 to 30 cm
- Nov: ntsuab, sab qaum me ntsis darker dua underside, lanceolate, stalked
- Paj: dawb, radially symmetrical paj nyob rau hauv tiaj umbels
- Plauj lub sij hawm: Plaub Hlis Ntuj txog Tsib Hlis
- Special nta: Zaub qus noj, muaj feem rau dos, chives thiab qej, saj me ntsis qej
Zoo li tsis meej pem:
Nplooj tuaj yeem yooj yim tsis meej pem nrog cov lily ntawm lub hav, pom arum (cov nplooj hluas tsis pom) lossis lub caij nplooj zeeg crocus, cov nroj tsuag no muaj tshuaj lom heev!
Ntoo anemone (Anemone nemorosa)
- siab: 11 txog 25 cm
- Nplooj: stalked, ntiv tes-puab, tsuas yog tshwm tom qab flowering
- Paj: 6 mus rau 8 petals, dawb, liab me ntsis rau sab nraud, feem ntau tsuas yog ib lub paj rau ib tsob nroj, tsis tshua muaj 2
- Lub sijhawm paj: Lub Peb Hlis txog Plaub Hlis / Tsib Hlis
Common Butterbur (Petasites officinalis)
- Height: thaum lub sij hawm flowering kwv yees li 10 mus rau 40 cm, tom qab mus txog 1.20 m
- Nplooj: puag ncig, pib me me nrog grey plaub hauv qab, tom qab mus txog 60 cm inch thiab du, zoo li coltsfoot tab sis loj dua
- Paj: ntau ntom liab-dawb mus rau liab-violet paj, compound racemose inflorescence
- Plauj lub sij hawm: March txog May
Ficaria, figroot (Ficaria verna, Ranunculus ficaria L.)
- Height:10 to 20 cm
- Nkauj: undivided on long stems, heart-tom-shaped
- Paj: daj, lub hnub qub zoo li, txoj kab uas hla 1.5 txog 6 cm, nyob ib leeg
- Plauj lub sij hawm: March txog May
- Special nta: tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw, cov nplooj me me ua ntej paj tuaj yeem noj tau raws li tshuaj ntsuab qus
Woodruff,Sweet-smelling bedstraw (Galium odoratum)
- Height: 5 to 50 cm
- Nov: whorled ntawm qia, nqaim-elliptic los yog elongated-lanceolate, ntxhib ntug
- Paj: me me thiab dawb, ob peb paj rau ib tsob nroj, davhlau ya nyob twg inflorescence
- Plauj lub sij hawm: variable nyob ntawm qhov chaw, nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Plaub Hlis mus rau Tsib Hlis lossis Lub Rau Hli
- Tshwj xeeb nta: yog siv los ua tshuaj thiab seasoning tshuaj ntsuab, lub ntsiab ntawm woodruff punch
Nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv hav zoov coniferous
Qee lub sij hawm cov nroj tsuag sib txawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv coniferous hav zoov tshaj nyob rau hauv deciduous forests. Cov nroj tsuag ntxoov ntxoo tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob hauv tsev ntawm no. Qhov no yog vim qhov qis ntawm lub teeb, vim tias feem ntau cov conifers tau siv txhua xyoo puag ncig. Qhov tsuas yog kev zam rau lub tsev conifers yog larch, uas tso nws cov koob nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov av hauv hav zoov coniferous feem ntau yog acidic, cov koob poob qis dua qeeb dua li nplooj, uas txhais tau hais tias cov txheej humus yog tuab heev. Ntoo sorrel, mosses thiab ferns tuaj yeem pom ntawm no, nrog rau cov foxglove liab thiab cov heather hauv thaj chaw ntshiab.
