Lub orchid tej zaum yog ib qho ntawm cov paj zoo tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem pom hauv German tsev thiab lub vaj. Ntau tshaj 1,000 genera tuaj yeem pom thoob ntiaj teb thiab ntawm cov no, Epidendroideae, uas tshwm sim feem ntau hauv thaj chaw sov, sawv cev rau tsev neeg loj tshaj plaws ntawm Orchidaceae. txaj lub lauj kaub. Tau kawg, muaj ntau yam substrates muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, tab sis koj tuaj yeem sib xyaw cov substrate tsim nyog koj tus kheej thiab siv rau koj cov orchids yam tsis muaj teeb meem ntau. Txhua yam koj yuav tsum tau ua yog paub tias cov tshuaj twg tsim nyog ua lub substrate rau orchids thiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev faib ua feem lawv sib tov.
Vim li cas thiaj xav tau substrate?
Vim tias muaj ntau hom orchids, tsis muaj cov substrate uas tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob tag nrho Orchidaceae. Piv txwv li, tropical hom xav tau ib qho airy substrate uas dries sai sai kom cov hauv paus hniav tsis rot thiab tuag. Ntau tus European lossis Arctic orchids, ntawm qhov tod tes, zam cov av zoo li uas pom hauv cov vaj tsev. Thaum khaws cov orchids, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum ua raws li qhov chaw qub ntawm cov tsiaj thiab qhov no yog ua los ntawm substrate. Txij li thaum cov hauv paus hniav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws sov, tsis nyob hauv av, lawv raug rau huab cua ntshiab thiab tsuas yog nqus dej ntau npaum li cov nag raws li lawv xav tau. Txhua hom txiav txim siab nws txoj kev loj hlob tus cwj pwm thiab yog li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau hloov kho raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Cov ntaub ntawv loj hlob hauv qab no tuaj yeem pom hauv orchids:
- on nroj tsuag (epiphytic)
- rau pob zeb lossis pob zeb (lithophytic)
- on or in the earth (terrestrial)
Tip:
Yog tias koj paub txog hom orchid ua ntej xaiv lub substrate, koj yuav txuag tau ntau lub sijhawm thiab nyiaj txiag. Qhov no txhais tau tias koj tuaj yeem xaiv qhov zoo substrate nyob rau hauv txoj cai loj ntawm qhov pib thiab txaus siab rau cov orchids noj qab nyob zoo.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov substrates
Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic cov khoom xyaw rau cov substrates feem ntau tuaj yeem pom hauv cov khoom lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, cov substrates tau ua los ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg, qee zaum txawm tias tsim tshuaj lom neeg, kuj tau muab, uas tsuas yog qee qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm orchids. Ib qho kev hloov maj mam rau cov inorganic variants yog substrates uas muaj tshwj xeeb los yog feem ntau ntawm cov organic tshuaj thiab yog enriched nrog inorganic tshuaj. Cov no txawv ntawm cov tawv tawv classic mus rau charcoal thiab av nplaum. Txhua lub substrate muaj nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo thiab yog li yuav tsum tau sib koom ua ke kom cov dej nqus thiab xa mus rau cov nroj tsuag ua haujlwm zoo. Cov khoom hauv qab no yog siv rau cov substrates.
Bark
Cov tawv ntoo ntawm ntau yam ntoo tau siv ntau xyoo los loj hlob thiab khaws cov orchids. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim hais tias feem ntau ntawm orchids nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam yog tropical thiab subtropical hom uas loj hlob ntawm cov ntoo, yog li nws ua rau kev nkag siab tias bark yog heev haum rau cov nroj tsuag. Cov tawv ntoo muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab paub zoo tshaj plaws raws li tus qauv substrate rau orchids ntawm genus Phalaenopsis, npauj orchids. Pine feem ntau yog siv rau cov tawv ntoo thiab nws tuaj nyob rau hauv qhov ntau thiab tsawg los ntawm tsawg tshaj li kaum millimeters mus rau ntau tshaj 30 millimeters. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus siv ntawm no: lub finer lub hauv paus ntawm orchid, lub finer lub grain ntawm bark substrate yuav tsum. Ntxiv qhov zoo ntawm bark substrates yog:
- decomposes qeeb heev
- tso tawm ntau cov as-ham rau orchid
- nce dej permeability
- suitable rau epiphytic orchids
Natural fibers
Natural fibers suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
- Ntoo
- Beech nplooj
- Coconut
- Cork
- Nutshells
- White peat
- Moos
Cov tshuaj no yog txhua yam tsim nyog ntxiv rau cov substrate rau cov kab mob epiphytic thiab txhawb kev nqus, faib thiab khaws cia ntawm cov dej noo. Tag nrho cov khoom no tsuas yog dawb peat decompose dhau sijhawm thiab tso cov khoom noj rau cov nroj tsuag. Txiv maj phaub fibers ua kom qhov cua zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv me me, zoo li cov txiv ntoo plhaub, uas yog cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntoo thiab txiv maj phaub. Cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm tus kheej tuaj yeem sib xyaw tau yooj yim thiab ua kom haum rau ib tus neeg orchid hom, uas ua rau lawv siv tau zoo. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 30 feem pua ntawm cov peat dawb yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau lub substrate, txwv tsis pub nws yuav ua rau cov hauv paus hniav. Dawb peat txo qis tus nqi pH ntawm lub substrate thiab yog qhov ruaj khov heev, zoo li beech nplooj, cork thiab ntoo.
Sphagnum
Sphagnum moss yog moss tshwj xeeb uas siv tau rau cov tsiaj uas xav tau tshwj xeeb, muaj cov hauv paus hniav zoo heev thiab xav tau dej ntau. Txij li cov moss no muaj kev tiv thaiv, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv kim tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov genera Phragmipedium, Disa lossis Dracula.
Mineral
Cov zaub mov hauv substrate muaj xws li xuab zeb thiab txiv qaub, uas txhawb nqa orchids nrog lawv cov khoom. Xuab zeb yog ib txoj hauv kev kom qhuav lub substrate ntawm terrestrial orchids yog tias nws ntub dhau lawm. Txiv qaub, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog siv los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kab thiab ua kom cov dej nqus tau zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, dej tawv yuav tsum tsis txhob siv rau orchids. Tswv yim: Koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov txiv qaub los ntawm cov qe, qwj nplais lossis lwm yam calcareous plhaub, pob zeb lossis khoom noj. Nws tsis tas yuav tsum yog cov khoom lag luam ntxiv.
Soil thiab compost
Classic vaj av yog pom zoo rau ib tug me me ntawm terrestrial orchids. Piv txwv li, hom Bletilla tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov av nplua nuj. Thaum xaiv cov av, koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qhov zoo nrog high permeability, vim hais tias ntawm no ib yam nkaus thiab, ntau waterlogging yuav tsum tsis txhob tsim. Humus, compost thiab coniferous humus kuj pom zoo rau substrates. Lawv ua kom muaj kev nqus ntau dua rau cov tsiaj xws li Pleione thiab rab koob humus tshwj xeeb ci ua ib feem ntawm cov substrate. Nws yog acidic thiab tsis hnyav lub orchid nrog ntsev. Txawm li cas los xij, humus thiab compost tuaj yeem kis kab tsuag, yog li yuav tsum tau saib xyuas ntau dua thaum siv cov tshuaj no.
Volcanic pob zeb
Pob zeb pob zeb dawb huv yog siv los ua cov substrate rau pawg me tshaj plaws ntawm orchids, lithophytes. Cov tsiaj no loj hlob ntawm pob zeb thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsum tau pob zeb volcanic xaiv cov khoom noj uas tsim nyog. Lwm cov pob zeb kuj tuaj yeem xaiv rau qhov no, tab sis pob zeb pob zeb pob zeb pob zeb yog qhov tsim nyog dua. Ib lub npe nrov substrate ua los ntawm pob zeb volcanic yog perlite, uas ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov kab mob epiphytic los ntawm foaming lub pob zeb. Txawm li cas los xij, vim yog kev ua tiav, perlite yog ib qho khoom siv tsis zoo uas tsim nyog rau cov nroj tsuag hluas nrog cov hauv paus rhiab.
Charcoal
Charcoal yog ib yam khoom zoo los tua cov kab mob hauv cov substrate. Nws yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov substrates vim hais tias nws disinfects, loosens thiab ua tawm tsam cov tshuaj lom. Nws tuav qhov tseem ceeb ntawm orchid, tab sis yog qhov zoo nkauj me ntsis dua li lwm yam ntxiv vim nws cov xim tsaus.
Inorganic substrates
Cov inorganic substrates muaj xws li ib pawg loj ntawm cov tshuaj uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo siv. Styrofoam, ua npuas ncauj lossis foamed yas tsuas yog tsim nyog rau qhov tsawg, vim lawv feem ntau khaws dej ntau dhau los yog tsis tso dej rau cov nroj tsuag. Nthuav av nplaum, lavalite (rau lithophytes), av nplaum (rau orchids terrestrial orchids), seramis, pob zeb wool (odontoglossum) thiab zeolite (zoo tiv thaiv ammonium), ntawm qhov tod tes, tshwj xeeb rau qee qhov kev xav tau thaum khaws orchids thiab yog li tsim nyog. Lawv yuav luag tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo, tshwj tsis yog tias cov av nplaum nthuav dav tuaj yeem qee zaum ua ntsev me ntsis. Ua ntej ntxiv lawv rau substrate, koj yuav tsum xav txog cov hom uas lawv tsim nyog. Lawv ua kom cov dej ntws zoo thiab pab nqus dej yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam cov orchid ntawm huab cua.
Qhov zoo ntawm tus kheej sib xyaw substrates
Substrates rau Orchidaceae los ntawm kev ua lag luam yog dime ib lub kaum os thiab ntau ntawm cov zaub mov txawv no tsuas yog ib feem haum rau cov nroj tsuag. Ib qho yuam kev ntawm cov substrates no yog kev siv ntau dhau ntawm peat, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tuaj yeem strangle cov nroj tsuag thiab ua rau cov hauv paus hniav rot. Kab tsuag tuaj yeem tshwm sim, vim tias cov substrate tiav lawm feem ntau yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws yug me nyuam rau kab. Ib qho piv txwv yog fungus gnats, uas nyiam tua cov nroj tsuag thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau lawv. Vim li no, peb pom zoo kom siv lub substrate los ntawm koj tus kheej "tsim", uas yog softer thiab zoo dua rau paj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm proportions.
Ua koj tus kheej substrate - lus qhia
- Thaum koj tau txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom ntawm koj lub substrate, lub substrate tuaj yeem sib xyaw. Txhua yam koj xav tau yog cov khoom siv thiab lub lauj kaub paj lossis qhov chaw cim ntawm lub vaj lossis vaj tsev yog tias koj cog orchids terrestrial.
- Xav txog lub lauj kaub lossis qhov chaw koj xaiv rau lub orchid. Qhov ntev thiab ntim txiav txim siab npaum li cas ntawm cov substrate yuav tsum tau. Cov hauv qab no siv tau ntawm no: rau cov lauj kaub me thiab cov nroj tsuag hluas, yuav tsum xaiv cov substrate zoo dua kom cov hauv paus hniav tuaj yeem txhim kho zoo dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov qoob loo zoo dua rau hauv lub lauj kaub paj nrog qhov ntim tsawg thiab ua kom yooj yim hloov mus rau lub lauj kaub loj dua yog tias orchid xav tau ib lub sijhawm loj hlob.
- Bark yuav tsum tau tshuaj tua kab mob ua ntej ntxiv rau substrate. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj tuaj yeem tuav cov tawv ntoo rau 30 feeb, muab tso rau hauv lub microwave rau ob peb feeb, lossis muab tso rau hauv qhov cub rau ob peb teev. Cov txheej txheem no pab tshem tawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm orchids.
- Nyob ntawm hom orchid, yuav tsum xaiv qhov sib txawv sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, rau feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob epiphytic, ntoo thuv tawv yog xaiv los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab ua kom zoo nrog lwm cov khoom xyaw. Epiphytes tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev sib xyaw uas muaj li ntawm 50 mus rau 70 feem pua, lossis tsib mus rau xya ntu, tawv tawv. Lwm qhov chaw tuaj yeem xaiv txoj kev ywj pheej. Muaj cov zaub mov txawv rau txhua hom orchid uas koj tuaj yeem sim tawm.
- Ua ntej ntxiv cov tawv ntoo rau lub paj lauj kaub, nyob ntawm seb lub paj lauj kaub tuav tau npaum li cas. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv ib tus neeg ntawm lwm yam khoom thiab sib tov lub substrate zoo los ntawm tes. Tswv yim: Tshem cov khoom ntawm tus kheej ntawm lub hnab los ntawm tes. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tsis muaj plua plav nkag mus rau hauv lub substrate, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev thauj thiab khaws cia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov tawv ntoo thiab ntoo fibers, thiab koj tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas cov feem ntau ntawm cov khoom puas los yog kab tsuag kab tsuag.
- Charcoal yog ntxiv ncaj qha rau lub substrate raws li lub hauv paus hauv paj lauj kaub.
- txiv qaub yog ntxiv rau substrate raws li xav tau.
- Tam sim no cov orchid tau muab tso rau hauv lub substrate, nrog rau fertilizing thiab watering yog tias tsim nyog.
Terrestrial orchids thiab lithophytic species
Lub substrate rau orchids terrestrial muaj feem ntau ntawm av, humus los yog compost, uas yog enriched nrog lwm yam Cheebtsam xws li seramis. Raws li nrog rau lwm cov paj, lub orchid tsuas yog muab tso rau hauv av. Ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm substrate muaj nyob hauv hom lithophytic. Tag nrho cov pob zeb volcanic feem ntau yog siv los ntawm no, mus rau qhov uas cov orchid nrog nws cov hauv paus hniav qhib yog txuas nrog cov hlua. Nws tuaj yeem cag nws tus kheej hauv pob zeb thiab tau muab nrog nws cov as-ham. Daim ntawv ntawm substrate no tau nrov zuj zus vim tias nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb qhov muag-catcher thiab sib haum rau cov nroj tsuag qhov chaw nyob.
