Yog tsob ntoo ua tsis tau zoo, nws tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam ua rau: los ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm Frost mus rau kab tsuag tsiaj. Cov kab mob ntoo uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev kis kab mob microorganisms yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tau ua tiag tiag. Cov kab mob no sawv cev ib qho kev phom sij loj heev rau tsob ntoo. Txawm hais tias kev saib xyuas tsis raug lossis kab tsuag kab mob feem ntau tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim, kev kis kab mob nyuaj heev.
Diagnosis
Tsuas yog ib qho kev kuaj mob xwb thiaj li qhia tau tias yog dab tsi ua rau tsob ntoo kab mob. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub seb nws puas yog kab mob cab lossis kab mob uas tsis yog kab mob. Nws kuj yuav tsum tau qhia meej seb puas muaj kab mob sib kis los yog kab tsuag kab mob uas yuav tsum tau kho.
Non-parasitic puas
- Frost Damage
- Kev puas tsuaj los ntawm drought
- Kev tsis haum xeeb hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus
- ntub dej ntau heev
- Ib puag ncig cuam tshuam xws li tso pa tawm, txoj kev ntsev thiab kua qaub nag
Parasitic ua rau puas tsuaj
- Small mammals
- lwm cov kab tsuag xws li kab thiab lawv cov larvae (cov ntoo tshiab thiab cov kab ntoo qhuav)
- Mushrooms
- Viruses
- Bacteria
Non-parasitic ua rau puas tsuaj
Qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau cov ntoo yog siab heev. Kab los yog kab mob microorganisms tsis tas yuav liam rau tsob ntoo ua kab mob. Feem ntau ua rau muaj xws li cov teebmeem ntawm qhov chaw tshwj xeeb, huab cua lossis cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab dej. Txhua hom ntoo ib leeg muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb hauv cov av, teeb pom kev zoo thiab kev xav tau huab cua. Qhov ntau cov xwm txheej no sib txawv los ntawm hom tshwj xeeb zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv tsev, cov ntoo raug mob ntau dua rau cov kab mob thiab kab tsuag. Piv txwv ntawm cov kab mob ntoo uas tsis yog kab mob muaj xws li:
Nkauj kho siab
Ntawm Serbian spruce (Omorika spruce), whitening ntawm koob qee zaus tshwm sim thaum lub caij ntuj sov los yog caij nplooj zeeg, tom qab ntawd cov koob tig xim av thiab poob tawm. Yog tias rab koob poob rau lub sijhawm ntev, tag nrho tsob ntoo tuaj yeem tuag. Cov tswv yim tua ntawm tsob ntoo muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb. Qhov laj thawj ntawm qhov no yog kev cuam tshuam kev noj haus.
Caus
Tus kab mob no feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab acidic los yog hnyav compacted loamy los yog av nplaum av uas nyiam ua waterlogged. Rau hom spruce no, cov khoom ntawm magnesium yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Yog tias cov av muaj cov poov tshuaj ntau, qhov no ua rau txo qis hauv magnesium nqus.
Measures
Omorika spruces yuav tsum tsis txhob muab cov poov tshuaj raws li chiv thiab/los yog txiv qaub. Ua tiav cov ntxhia chiv, Epsom ntsev thiab tshwj xeeb magnesium chiv tau pom zoo rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav.
Parasitic kab mob
Yog tsob ntoo muaj kab mob, thawj qhov yuav tsum ua yog kom paub seb nws puas yog kab mob tiag tiag lossis kab mob kab tsuag. Cov kab mob nkag mus rau tsob ntoo txoj hauv kev feem ntau los ntawm qhov txhab thiab tuaj yeem kis tau tag nrho tsob ntoo los ntawm txoj kev. Feem ntau ua rau muaj mob yog fungi, tab sis kuj muaj cov kab mob ntoo uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob los yog kab mob.
Cov kab mob fungal
Cov kab mob ntoo los ntawm cov kab mob tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Thaum pom tus kab mob no, feem ntau tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab tua kab mob. Yog tias qhov kab mob tseem tsis tau nce siab heev, kev sib kis tuaj yeem muaj los ntawm kev txiav cov kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag mus rau cov ntoo noj qab haus huv. Cov kab mob fungal zoo li tshwm sim hauv huab cua ntub.
Wilt kab mob
Ntxiv rau qhov tsis muaj dej thiab dej nkag, cov kab mob fungal tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntoo wilting.
Grey nees
Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, nyob rau hauv ntub dej, huab cua txias, cov tub ntxhais hluas tua thiab paj ntawm ntau yam ntoo thiab shrubs tuaj yeem tawm tsam los ntawm grey pwm fungus (Botrytis cinerea).
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Cov tub ntxhais hluas tua thiab paj ntawm cov ntoo deciduous thiab coniferous dheev ua limp thiab xim av. Ob lub paj uas qhuav tsis zoo yuav rot. Yog hais tias cov dej nyob twj ywm nyob rau lub sij hawm ntev, ib tug grey fuzz ua rau ntawm paj.
Cov nroj tsuag cuam tshuam
yuav luag txhua tsob ntoo deciduous thiab coniferous
Measures
Tam sim txiav tawm cov nroj tsuag cuam tshuam. Tsis txhob siv nitrogen-raws li chiv thiab xyuas kom meej tias cov tua tau zoo ventilated.
Monilia Lace Drought
Cov fungus (Monilia laxa) nkag mus rau cov ntoo los ntawm cov paj thiab tuaj yeem ua rau tag nrho cov ceg tuag thaum muaj nag lossis dej lwg ntxiv.
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Lub sijhawm thiab tom qab paj, paj thiab nplooj ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov nplooj tig xim av thiab dai limply.
Txoj ntoo cuam tshuam
- Almond Bush
- Cherry ornamental
Measures
Txiav tag nrho cov tua tuag rov qab mus rau ntoo noj qab haus huv sai li sai tau. Kev kho mob nrog fungicides rau kev tiv thaiv yog ua tau. Thov nco ntsoov cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no los ntawm Lub Chaw Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Tsob Ntoo!
kab thiab cag rot
Compacted av thiab waterlogging txhawb ib tug kab mob nrog qia thiab cag rot, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm fungus Phytophthora.
malicious image
Piv txwv li, spongy rotten me ntsis uas tsis hnov tsw ntawm iab almonds tsim nyob rau hauv lub cev hauv qab. Cov nplooj ntawm cov ntoo muaj kab mob tig daj ntseg ntsuab thiab curl li ntawm ceg ntoo. Cov kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau tag nrho tsob ntoo tuag.
Txoj ntoo cuam tshuam
txhua yam ntoo
Measures
Txiav tawm txhua qhov chaw rotten generously mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg noj qab nyob zoo. Tshem tawm cov ntoo (yog tias ua tau) thiab muab ib lub substrate zoo-drained. Hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, cov nroj tsuag tuag yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm sai li sai tau. Tsis muaj tsob ntoo lossis tsob ntoo tuaj yeem cog rau hauv tib qhov chaw tau ntau xyoo.
Whorl fungus (Verticillium wilt)
Cov fungus whorl (Verticillium) nkag mus rau tsob ntoo los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav, kis los ntawm cov ducts thiab clogs lawv, yog li impairing dej thauj. Lub whorl fungus kuj secretes co toxins uas ua rau nplooj wilt. Kev kuaj pom tseeb tsuas yog ua tau los ntawm chav kuaj.
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Ib leeg ceg dheev qhuav thiab tuag. Tus kab mob no feem ntau tsuas pom ntawm ib sab. Cov tsos mob tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm thaum lub caij qhuav uas tshwm sim thaum lub caij ntuj sov.
Txoj ntoo cuam tshuam
- vinegar ntoo
- Fan Maple
- Tree of Gods
- Japanese maple species
- Chestnut
- Magnolia
- wig bush
- Trumpet ntoo
Measures
Txhob qhov chaw ntub dej uas qeeb kom sov thaum caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Thaum pib kis kab mob, txiav tag nrho cov ceg uas muaj kab mob rov qab mus rau ntoo noj qab haus huv.
Leaf Spot kab mob
Cov nroj tsuag tuab heev, qhov chaw cua tsis zoo thiab xyoo nrog cov nag los nag thiab cov av noo siab txhawb cov kab mob ntoo no. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev raug mob, kev ua haujlwm thinning yog qhov tseem ceeb. Tsis yog tag nrho cov nplooj nplooj yog cov kab mob parasitic; qhov kub thiab txias hloov pauv los yog teeb meem ntawm cov zaub mov feem ntau yog liam, los yog nws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tshav kub.
Leaf Tan
Ntxiv nrog rau cov nplooj miner, nplooj nplooj daj, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm fungus Guignardia aesculi, yog cov kab mob ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov txiv ntseej nees. Cov ntoo dav hlau qee zaus raug kev txom nyem los ntawm nplooj nplooj daj, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob Apiognomonia veneta. Cov kab mob ntoo loj hlob feem ntau ntawm cov tawv ntoo thiab maj mam kis mus rau nplooj. Cov fungus overwinters nyob rau hauv bark thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg nplooj.
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Lub zos cell tuag tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov xim av, sunken me ntsis (nplooj necrosis) ntawm nplooj uas muaj peev xwm kov yeej cov nplooj nplooj. Yog hais tias necrosis loj heev, ntug ntawm nplooj curls upwards thiab nplooj poob tawm ntxov ntxov. Cov nplooj ntawm cov ntoo dav hlau tig dub los ntawm nplooj nplooj.
Txoj ntoo cuam tshuam
- Ntsuab Chestnut
- Plane tree
Measures
Tshem tawm nplooj poob los tiv thaiv kab mob.
Scab fungi
Nyob rau hauv huab cua ntub thaum caij nplooj ntoos hlav, cov spores ntawm cov fungi tuaj yeem overwinter ntawm nplooj tuag thiab kis rau tsob ntoo.
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Olive-xim av rau cov xim dub ntawm nplooj, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab paj ntawm ntau hom ntoo. Cov lus qhia tua tuag tawm.
Txoj ntoo cuam tshuam
- Firethorn
- Crabapples
- txoj ntoo deciduous
Measures
Cog hardy ntau yam thiab ntshiab nplooj nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg. Ib qho kev txiav nyias ua kom muaj qhov cua zoo dua hauv cov yas.
Shotgun disease
Ntxiv nrog rau cov kab mob fungal, muaj ntau lwm yam ua rau tus kab mob tua phom. Yog li ntawd, cov ntoo cuam tshuam yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas hauv chav kuaj.
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liab-xim av tshwm rau ntawm nplooj, uas tom qab ntawd poob tawm ntawm nplooj nplooj, tawm qhov uas zoo li yog tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv.
Txoj ntoo cuam tshuam
- Cherry ornamental
- paj txiv ntoo
- Laurel Cherry
Measures
Qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov dej sib npaug yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Mulching ntoo thiab tsis txhob overspray nplooj nrog dej thaum yav tsaus ntuj kom cov nplooj qhuav thaum hmo ntuj.
Juniper xeb/pear grate
Cov kab mob xeb ntawm cov junipers tau tshwm sim dua thiab tsis ntev los no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj tsam ze rau cov nroog. Qhov no yog ib qho kab mob nrog cov fungus Gymnosporangium fusum, uas kuj tshwm sim ntawm pears (pear grate).
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Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, lub khob hliav qab-puab, daj-xim av qauv mus txog ob centimeters ntev loj hlob ntawm cov ceg. Cov ceg ntawm juniper pib twist thiab tuag.
Ntsuab ntoo
- Juniper
- Pear
- Hawthorn
- Rowberry
- Apple tree
- Cotoneaster
Measures
Yog hais tias cov ntoo hais saum toj no cog rau hauv lub vaj, lawv yuav tsum tau cog ntawm qhov deb tsawg kawg yog 800 m. Txij li thaum tsis tshua muaj lub vaj ntawm qhov loj no, kev cog qoob loo ua ke tsis pom zoo. Nyob rau theem pib, nws muaj peev xwm txiav tawm cov ceg cuam tshuam. Tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob fungus.
White Pine npuas xeb
Kab mob fungus Cronartium ribicola qee zaus tshwm sim nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm tsib-kab pines xws li ntoo thuv dawb.
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Pea-loj daj npuas loj tuaj tawm ntawm cov tawv ntoo thiab tso cov hmoov daj daj. Lub bark yog tawg thiab muaj hnyav resin ntws. Cov fungus kuj tshwm sim ntawm dub currant (currant columnar xeb) thiab muaj peev xwm hloov cov tswv. Cov ntoo kab mob feem ntau tuag tom qab ob peb xyoos.
Ntsuab ntoo
- White Pine
- Swiss ntoo thuv
- Girlspine
- paj ntoo
Measures
Tshem cov ntoo uas muaj kab mob ntawm lub vaj tam sim ntawd. Tsis txhob cog blackcurrant nrog cov ntoo hauv lub vaj.
Powder mildew
Powdery mildew (Erysiphales) yog cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau txhua hom nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau tag nrho lwm hom fungi, powdery mildew yog ib tug thiaj li hu ua ncaj- huab cua fungus uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv sov, qhuav huab cua lub sij hawm.
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Pom pom tseeb cov xim dawb nyob saum nplooj, paj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Cov fungus nkag mus rau ntawm nplooj ntawv thiab pub rau ntawd. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tua thiab nplooj curl, curl los yog misshapen. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo xim av lossis xim dub tom qab ua rau ntawm cov xim dawb.
Ntsuab ntoo
yuav luag txhua yam ntoo
Measures
Cov fungal network overwinters nyob rau hauv lub buds los yog nyob rau tua. Cov no yuav tsum tau txiav tawm. Cov fungus tsis tuaj yeem nyob ntawm nplooj tuag.
Ntaus nceb
Cov fungi no nyiam tua cov ntoo uas tsis muaj zog heev lossis cov ntaub so ntswg tuag.
Red pustule disease
Tus kab mob liab pustular (Nectria cinnabarina) pom tseeb tshaj plaws nyob rau lub caij ntuj no. Cov fungus tsoo ntoo tuag thiab ua rau tag nrho tsob ntoo tuag.
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Ntau ntau vermilion-liab, pinhead-loj pustules tshwm rau ntawm cov ceg liab qab lossis lub cev.
Ntsuab ntoo
- Hnub qub hornbeam hedges
- tsob ntoo puas los ntawm Frost nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tsis zoo
Measures
Txiav tawm cov kab mob thiab muab pov tseg rau hauv tsev pov tseg. Cov ntoo uas muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab kab mob yuav tsum tsis txhob cia qhuav dhau lawm, yog li kev nkag mus rau dej yog qhov tsim nyog.
Bacterial kab mob
Ntxiv rau cov kab mob, cov kab mob tuaj yeem nkag mus rau tsob ntoo los ntawm kev raug mob thiab ua rau puas tsuaj. Muaj ntau hom kab mob uas tuaj yeem kis tau cov ntoo deciduous thiab coniferous. Feem ntau suav nrog:
Firebrand
Fire blight yog kab mob tsob ntoo txaus ntshai thiab kab mob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo pome, tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob Erwinia amylovora. Nws tuaj yeem kis tau zoo li tus kabmob sib kis. Cov kab mob thaiv cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv kab mob. Kab mob feem ntau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm flowering thaum sov, huab cua huab cua yeej.
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Thaum muaj kab mob, nplooj, paj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo tig xim av mus rau dub thiab zoo li lawv tau raug hlawv. Tua cov lus qhia nkhaus zoo li hooks, nplooj dries thiab shrinks. Thaum cov av noo siab, cov tee dej (cov kab mob slime) tshwm sim.
Ntsuab ntoo
- Apple
- Pear thiab pob zeb pear
- Quince
- txhua yam hawthorn
- Firethorn
- Pear
- Rowberry
- txhua yam medlar
- Quinces
Measures
Tam sim no tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam nws. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kab mob tshiab, txiav cuam tshuam tua rov qab mus rau cov ntoo noj qab haus huv, tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib lub hnab yas thiab pov tseg ntawm me me nrog cov seem pov tseg. Xwb, hlawv ntau dua. Cov hluav taws kub hnyiab yuav tsum raug tshaj tawm, yog li tsoomfwv tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag yuav tsum tau ceeb toom.
Tip:
Thaum txiav cov kab mob tua, tsuas yog siv cov cuab yeej tsis muaj menyuam uas koj tua kab mob tom qab txhua qhov txiav (piv txwv li cawv). Txwv tsis pub koj kuj yuav kis tau tus kab mob noj qab haus huv!
Cov ntsiab lus
Qee hom ntoo yog qhov tshwj xeeb rau qee yam kab mob. Yog tias kev puas tsuaj rau cov nroj tsuag pom, nws tsis tas yuav yog tsob ntoo kab mob. Feem ntau, cov kab tsuag tsiaj yog nyob rau ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Kev soj ntsuam ntxaws ntxaws ntawm tsob ntoo feem ntau muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog seb nws puas yog "tus kab mob ntoo tiag tiag" lossis kab mob kab mob.
Coniferous ntoo
- Yew (Taxus): wilt pathogen (pests: gall mites, mealybugs, scale kab, weevils)
- Spruce (Picea): wilt pathogen (pests: kab laug sab mites, aphids, nplooj miners)
- Pine (Pinus): xeb (pests: mealybugs, nplai kab, sawflies, ntau yam butterflies)
- tsob ntoo ntawm lub neej (Thuja): tsis muaj kab mob ntoo (pests: nplooj miners thiab web moths)
- Juniper (Juniperus): xeb (pests: kab laug sab mites, mealybug, nplai kab, nplooj miners)
tsob ntoo txiav ntoo
- Maple (Acer): wilt pathogen, nplooj kab mob, nplooj xim av, powdery mildew (kab kab mob: gall mites, cicadas, aphids, mealybugs, scale kab, butterflies)
- Birch (Betula): tsis muaj kab mob uas paub (pests: aphids, nplooj kab, nplooj miners thiab web moths)
- Beech (Fagus): nplooj nplooj daj (pests: gall mites, aphids, mealybugs thiab scale kab, butterflies)
- Oak (Quercus): Powdery mildew (pests: kab laug sab mites, aphids, sawflies, npauj npaim kab ntsig xws li cov ntoo qhib processionary npauj, nplooj kab)
- Firethorn (Pyracantha): scab (pests: sawflies)
- Hornbeam (Carpinus): tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag noj qab haus huv (pests: kab laug sab mites, gall mites, aphids thiab butterflies)
- Chestnut (Aesculus): wilt pathogen, nplooj browning, xeb thiab powdery mildew (kab tsuag: nplooj miners thiab kab laug sab npauj, npauj npaim)
- Lind (Tilia): nplooj nplooj daj (pests: kab laug sab mites, gall mites, aphids, mealybugs thiab scale kab)
- Plane tree (Platanus): nplooj browning (pests: nplooj miners thiab kab laug sab npauj)
- Robinia (Robinia): tsis tshua muaj mob (pests: gall mites, nplooj miners thiab kab laug sab npauj)
- Trumpet ntoo (Catalpa): wilt pathogen (pests: hardly know)
- Elm (Ulmus): wilt pathogen (kab kab mob: gall mites, aphids, mealybug, scale kab, nplooj sucker fleas)
- Willow (Salix): nplooj ntoos kab mob, xeb, powdery mildew (pests: kab laug sab mites, gall mites, sawflies, butterflies, nplooj kab)
- Hawthorn/Hawthorn (Crataegus): nplooj ntoos kab mob, xeb (pests: kab laug sab mites, aphids, butterflies)
- Crabapple (Malus): scab, tua, powdery mildew (pests: aphids, mealybugs, mealybugs, butterflies, weevils)
- Ornamental Cherry (Prunus): wilt pathogen, nplooj kab mob, scab, txhaj tshuaj (pests: aphids, sawfly, nplooj miner thiab kab laug sab npauj, npauj npaim)
Kev tiv thaiv
Koj tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam los tiv thaiv kab mob hauv tsob ntoo thaum koj xaiv hom ntoo thiab qhov chaw. Yog tias ua tau, siv cov ntoo resistant ntau yam thiab tseem ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov chaw zoo. Ib qho kev sib npaug fertilization, uas yuav tsum tsis txhob hnyav ntawm nitrogen, ua rau tsob ntoo tsis kam. Kuj xyuas kom meej tias qhov txhab uas tshwm sim los ntawm cua daj cua dub los yog Frost raug txo kom tsawg li sai tau. Yog tias koj tsis tu ncua tshem cov ceg tuag los ntawm tsob ntoo thiab qee zaus ua thinning txiav kom lub crown zoo ventilated, koj yuav tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob ya raws ntau dhau. Ib qho kev txiav txim siab hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab yog li kab mob ntawm tsob ntoo.
Tip:
Yog tias koj tsis paub meej tias tsob ntoo muaj kab mob dab tsi, nws raug nquahu kom hu rau tus kws tshaj lij. Thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, koj tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tus kab mob kom tsis txhob poob lossis kis mus ntxiv.
Conclusion
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntoo hauv lub vaj tsis tu ncua yog qhov tsim nyog tiag tiag txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhuam cov ntoo, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum kuaj xyuas cov ntoo hauv lub vaj. Nov yog tib txoj kev uas koj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam thaum nws tseem ua tau - thiab feem ntau nrog kev ntsuas yooj yim heev.
