Qhia nyom pavers yog tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam designs thiab, ntau dua puas tau, ib tug ntawm cov ntse tshaj txoj kev uas yuav siv tau rau hauv pem teb nyob rau hauv qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub tsev thiab lub vaj: ecologically piv txwv, yooj yim rau nteg thiab yooj yim. tswj, thiab tag nrho cheeb tsam nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tsev nyob twj ywm zoo kawg nkaus ntsuab. Cov pob zeb pob zeb ua pob zeb tuaj yeem yooj yim nteg raws li DIY project; sib nrug los ntawm cov lus qhia, txhua yam koj xav tau yog cov leeg nqaij ntau:
Qhov zoo ntawm cov nyom nyom pavers
pob zeb tau muaj qhov tsis zoo rau ib ntus, yos rov qab mus rau kev tsim kho pob zeb ntawm xyoo 1970, thaum peb lub tebchaws tau npog hauv qhov chaw nkaum ntawm pob zeb, tsis muaj qhov kawg grey es tsis txhob ntsuab. Kuj nyob rau hauv pem teb, ntawm chav kawm nrog pem teb sealing. Txog thaum geologists ceeb toom tias peb cov dej hauv av yuav sai sai yog tias kev sib khi txuas ntxiv ntawm tus nqi no. Vim li no (thiab vim tias qhov xwm txheej nyob ib puag ncig peb tau dhau los ua tsawg thiab tsawg dua), cov cheeb tsam tsis tau "concreted tshaj" yog tias ua tau, tab sis, piv txwv li. B. Khaws ntsuab los ntawm cov nyom paving pob zeb los sis tseem ua ntsuab dua los ntawm kev tawg cov pob zeb uas tom qab ntawd npog nrog cov nyom paving pob zeb.
Pob zeb nyom paving pob zeb feem ntau siv rau lub hom phiaj no, cov khoom siv nrog kev sib npaug ntawm ecological zoo dua li feem ntau xav tias:
- Pure pob zeb yam tsis muaj additives kuj muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntshiab huv
- Npe npe cement, uas tsuas yog hu ua qhov kev tsim kho, los ntawm Latin "caementum", cov pob zeb zeb lossis pob zeb tsev
- Geologically hais lus, cement muaj limestone, av nplaum, marl (ib pob zeb sedimentary)
- Quartz xuab zeb thiab cov khoom uas muaj hlau oxide tuaj yeem muab ntxiv ua cov ntaub ntawv kho kom zoo dua sintering (cov txheej txheem tsim khoom los ntawm cua sov)
- Txhua yam yog hauv av rau hauv hmoov nplej thiab hlawv, txias thiab hauv av rau hauv cement nrog blastfurnace xuab zeb, ya tshauv, limestone thiab gypsum
- Tam sim no cov cement yog tov nrog xuab zeb lossis gravel thiab dej, thiab qhov ntawd yog nws, uas yog pob zeb
- Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov pob zeb tsuas yog muaj cov khoom siv raw uas tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej thiab muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag tsis muaj qhov txwv
- Txhua cov ntaub ntawv raw rau pob zeb tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem ib puag ncig
- Yuav tsum tau siv zog tsawg heev los tsim pob zeb
- Cov khoom siv pob zeb ua rau thaj tsam 80% tsawg dua CO2 emissions dua li cov khoom yas
- Concrete yog ruaj thiab muaj zog tiv thaiv huab cua cuam tshuam (=zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev)
- pob zeb yog tsim nyob txhua qhov chaw, tsis muaj kev thauj mus los ntev
- Cov pob zeb tshiab yog siv los ntawm cov pob zeb qub
- Yog li muaj laj thawj zoo vim li cas pob zeb tseem yog ib qho ntawm peb cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws
Kev siv tau ntawm cov pob zeb ua vaj tsev pavers
Cov nyom paving pob zeb tau muab tso rau ntawm thaj chaw uas yuav tsum nyob twj ywm ntsuab thiab permeable, tab sis tseem yuav tsum tau taug kev los yog tsav tsheb tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, tsis muaj dab tuag "txoj kev raug ntaus" lossis txoj kab tsim. Muaj qee qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tsev thiab lub vaj nyob qhov twg nws yog qhov tsim nyog los nteg cov pob zeb nyom tsis muaj kev sib txuas: cov kab hauv vaj, cov chaw zaum, thiab lwm yam. Yog tias cov pob zeb ua pob zeb yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv cov chaw uas niaj hnub siv los ntawm cov tsheb thiab tej zaum txawm tias qee zaus los ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom, thaj chaw ntsuab tsuas yog nyob hauv thaj chaw ntsuab zoo nkauj ntev ntev nrog kev ua haujlwm ua haujlwm:
Zoo thiab tsav tsheb ntsuab nrog nyom pavers - dab tsi tseem ceeb?
Cov txheej txheem kev teeb tsa rau cov nyom pavers ntawm thaj chaw pej xeem muaj ntau yam kev xav tau yam tsawg kawg nkaus, uas koj tuaj yeem siv rau hauv thaj chaw ntiag tug kom ntseeg tau tias cov nyom pavers tseem nyob qhov pom kev zoo nkauj rau lub sijhawm ntev:
Filter stability los tiv thaiv yaig
Ib cheeb tsam dej-permeable tsheb thauj mus los tsuas yog muaj kev ruaj ntseg yog tias cov txheej txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem muaj cov lim dej txaus txaus ntawm lawv tus kheej. Nws tuaj yeem dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb yog tias cov nyom pavers tau muab tso rau ntawm cov dej-permeable txoj kev vim kev yaig tshwm sim yog tias qhov chaw yog e.g. B. yog permeable ntau dua li cov ntxhia sib xyaw uas cov nyom pavers muab tso rau. Tom qab ntawd geotextiles yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab. Hauv kev lag luam ntiag tug, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov pob zeb, pob zeb thiab cov xuab zeb raug xaiv nyob rau hauv qhov tsim nyog cov qoob loo kom tsis txhob muaj cov ntxhia zoo dua.
Subsoil Requirement
Txoj cai rau pej xeem thaj chaw los ntawm ZTVE-StB 94 (Txoj kev sib cog lus ntxiv thiab cov lus qhia rau kev ua haujlwm hauv av hauv kev tsim kho, saib d-nb.info/981204384/04). Hauv cov cheeb tsam ntiag tug, cov dej permeability txaus, txheej tuab ntawm cov av permeable tsawg kawg yog ib meter thiab qhov deb mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv av dawb ntawm tsawg kawg yog 2 meters feem ntau tuaj yeem xav tau.
Requirements for the substructure
Rau thaj chaw pej xeem ib zaug ntxiv raws li ZTVE-StB 94, nyob rau hauv cov chaw ntiag tug qhov tsim nyog permeability coefficient feem ntau ua tiav uncritically siv cov vaj av ib txwm. Qhov no permeability coefficient (Kf tus nqi, yuav tsum tau txiav txim raws li DIN 18130-1), uas piav txog cov permeability, yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv hnyav av uas muaj yuav luag tsuas yog av nplaum los yog loam. Yog tias koj tawm tsam nrog cov av ntawm koj cov vaj tse, feem ntau koj twb paub txog nws (vim tias koj yuav tsum tau tso dej thaum koj tsim koj lub tsev - yog tias tsis yog, koj thawj qhov kev sib cuag yuav yog koj lub koom haum ib puag ncig hauv zos). Tom qab ntawd koj lub substructure rau cov nyom paving pob zeb tej zaum yuav tsum tau ua correspondingly thicker kom cov dej ib txwm ntws tawm yam tsis muaj teeb meem. Tej zaum koj tuaj yeem pom tias nws muaj zog npaum li cas los ntawm ib tug phooj ywg (leej twg tuaj yeem ua rau koj kov nrog tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam txhab kev tsim kho txoj kev) lossis los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij ntawm txoj kev thiab txoj kev tsim kho (leej twg tsis tuaj yeem them tus nqi yog tias nws siv sijhawm ib nrab. teev nrog dab tsi koj xav tau Shift siv tsis khoom).
Requirements for the base course
Hauv cov cheeb tsam pej xeem, cov txheej txheem hauv paus thiab cov txheej tiv thaiv te yuav tsum tau tsim nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas txhua lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv sib tov yog raws li qhov yuav tsum tau rau cov dej permeability thiab load-bearing muaj peev xwm. Rau cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg uas tsis muaj binders, coarse-grained ntxhia sib tov nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov nplej loj ntawm 32 mm, 45 mm lossis 56 mm yog sau rau ntawm no, muab qhab nia curves nyob rau hauv coarse-grained grading ranges (rau grading ranges for grain mixtures saib https:// www.hlug.de/fileadmin/documents/geologie/rohstoffe/Fachbericht% 20Sand% 20% 26% 20Kies% 2015% 2011% 2006.pdf) thiab ib lub peev xwm load-bearing (deformation modulus Ev2=120 MN/m², on sab saum toj ntug ntawm lub hauv paus txheej). Tag nrho cov no raws li ZTVT-StB 95/2002 (Txoj kev sib cog lus ntxiv thiab cov lus qhia rau cov kev kawm hauv kev tsim kho txoj kev, saib www.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tocs/111384192.pdf) thiab TL SoB-StB 04 (Technical kev xa khoom rau kev tsim cov khoom sib tov thiab cov av rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem uas tsis muaj binders hauv kev tsim kho, saib www.lbm.rlp.de/icc/Internet/nav/459/broker.jsp?uMen=45940232-4d31-1c31-01ce-18c40a7fd727&_ic_print=true), cov lus qhia dav dav ntawm kev tsim kho cov txheej txheem, qhov kev yuav khoom Cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb. kuj tsim nyog nyob rau hauv kev lag luam ntiag tug. Hauv cov xwm txheej tsis tseem ceeb, tsuas yog siv cov pob zeb, pob zeb, xuab zeb ntawm cov lus hais saum toj no los ntawm kev sib tw ntxhib-grained ntau yam, thiab thaum yuav khoom, kom tus neeg muag khoom paub tseeb tias cov nyom paving pob zeb nrog cov txheej txheem npaj yuav txhawb nqa koj. lub tsheb thiab cov tsheb thauj khoom uas tuaj yeem xa cov roj (Koj tsis txhob nruab rau thaj chaw pej xeem qhov twg txawm tias lub tsheb hluav taws hnyav tshaj plaws thiab lwm yam yuav tsum tsis txhob tawg rau hauv).
Txhob Cia Siab
Nyob rau thaj chaw pej xeem, ciam teb tag nrho ib puag ncig yog ib txwm muab rau thaj chaw kom npog cov nyom pavers. Hauv kev lag luam ntiag tug, kuj tseem muaj cov laj thawj los muab cov ntug ntug ntawm txhua sab; qhov no yuav tsum thiab tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov pob zeb hauv thaj tsam ntug ntawm kev hloov pauv thaum siv thiab nqus cov kab rov tav ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw.
Gradient
yog npaj rau thaj chaw pej xeem thiab yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ntiag tug kom cov dej nag ntws tawm. Ib txwm yog 2 txog 2.5%, tab sis cov xwm txheej sib txawv tuaj yeem siv rau hauv ib tus neeg mob.
Cov ntaub pua chaw pw
Lawn grid pob zeb yog nteg nyob rau hauv pej xeem chaw ntawm ib lub txaj ntawm ntuj pob zeb chippings nrog ib tug grain loj ntawm 2/5 mm uas yog tsawg kawg yog 4 cm tuab, uas yog lub lim stability ntawm lub txaj nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub hauv paus txheej. thiab dej permeability txaus yuav tsum tau lav. Kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv thaj chaw ntiag tug, uas yog cov nyom pavers nrog cov khoom me me tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv cov xuab zeb.
Kev sib koom tes thiab qhib qhov qhib
Rau ob qhov chaw: Cov nyom paving pob zeb yuav tsum tau muab tso nrog qhov dav ntawm 3 thiab 5 hli. Seepage qhib (hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov nyom paving pob zeb) thiab cov pob qij txha yuav tsum tau ntim nrog cov pob zeb ntuj nrog cov nplej loj ntawm 2/5 hli ua ntej co tawm. Yog hais tias cov nyom pavers yuav tsum tau them nrog greenery, sib tov ntawm 40% topsoil, 20% grit 2/5 mm, 20% lava 0/5 mm thiab 20% compost av yuav tsum tau sau nyob rau hauv pej xeem cheeb tsam, uas muaj ib tug ntxhia chiv. tau ntxiv lawm. Ib qho luv luv-loj hlob, drought-resistant standard noob sib tov (RSM) yog tshuaj rau sowing. Koj yuav tsum ua raws li qhov no hauv koj lub neej ntiag tug ib yam nkaus, kev sim cov noob sib xyaw ua ke tsuas yog nqa ntau tshaj li ib pob nrog lub npe zoo.
Qhia tawm
" Public" nyom pavers yuav tsum tau compacted (tsis hais lub pob zeb thickness) siv vibratory daim hlau nrog ib tug khiav hauj lwm hnyav ntawm ib tug siab tshaj plaws ntawm 130 kg thiab ib tug centrifugal quab yuam ntawm kwv yees li 20 kN. Kev siv lub phaj zawv zawg ntaus ntawv (cov roj hmab tawv apron) yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj rau saum npoo thiab npoo. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam me nrog cov nyom paving pob zeb yog nws xav tias kev tso nrog rauj tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg txaus (tab sis qhov no tapping nrog roj hmab mallet yog qhov teeb meem tiag tiag)." Yuav tsum co los tsis co" yog ib qho kev sib cav uas ib txwm tuaj thaum nteg nyom pavers. Muaj kev sib tham ntawm pob zeb tawg tom qab co, pob zeb tawg, chipped npoo - txhua yam uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tias koj co tawm cov nyom paving pob zeb ntawm lub hauv paus txheej uas tsis zoo sib xws nrog lub phaj vibrating uas hnyav dhau (rau koj tus kheej lub zog thiab lub peev xwm.) tab sis tsis dampened los ntawm ib tug roj hmab apron. Ntawm no koj yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj kev sib tham thiab zoo dua ua raws li cov cai rau cov kws tshaj lij. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qhov zoo dua thiab ruaj khov koj ua rau txhua qhov ntawm cov txheej txheem substructure, qhov qis dua qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau cov nyom paving pob zeb thaum co lawv, thiab qhov ruaj khov thiab (huv) txawm tias tag nrho cheeb tsam yuav yog. Yog tias koj tsis tuav cov cheeb tsam uas tau tsav tsheb, lossis yog tias koj tsis ua tib zoo co lawv kom zoo thiab nyuaj txaus, tom qab ntawd koj yuav "kho" thaj chaw los ntawm lub tsheb, thiab qhov ntawd yuav sai sai tsim cov kab uas yuav tsis ploj mus, thiab Tej zaum txawm tias cov pob zeb tawg thaum koj tab tom ua haujlwm lossis tsav tsheb Yog tias koj tsis ntaus tib lub sijhawm koj tsav tsheb, tsim cov toj roob hauv pes muaj tswv yim, tab sis nws tsis zoo li ntawd.
Txoj kev ua vaj tse pavers
Raws li cov kev cai lij choj uas hais txog "qhov kev xav zoo tshaj plaws", tam sim no cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv hauv kev coj ua:
(Yuav luag) nteg tsis muaj substructure
Yog tias koj cov pob zeb pob zeb ua pob zeb tuaj yeem muab tso rau yam tsis muaj kev sib txuas vim tsis muaj kev thauj khoom, nws yooj yim zoo nkauj: Cov pob zeb tau faus tob heev uas lawv tsim ib qho chaw tiaj tus nrog cov av ib puag ncig. Tom qab ntawd sau nws nrog av, slurry nws nyob rau hauv, tos 2 lub lis piam, top up yog tsim nyog thiab ces sow nyom los yog cog nrog taug kev hauv av npog. Yog tias koj xav tsim ib lub txaj me me rau cov nyom paving pob zeb hauv cov av xoob, tshem tawm ib txheej ntawm li 5 cm, sau cov txheej no nrog xuab zeb thiab nteg cov pob zeb hauv nws raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no. Koj tuaj yeem sib tov nyob rau hauv topsoil rau txhaws; cov nyom sib tov tau hais los saum toj no thiab cov nroj tsuag ruaj khov hauv av uas tuaj yeem tiv nrog ntshiv av yog tsim rau cog.
Stable substructure
Txhawm rau tsim kom muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau thaj chaw tsheb, tshem tawm ib ncig ntawm 50 cm ntawm av. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav dhau los, dej-permeable weed fleece yog tej zaum nteg tawm, txij li qhov no mus tiv thaiv lub hom phiaj (ntsuab ntsuab, infiltration), qhov no yog tsis pom zoo niaj hnub no. Tam sim no lub hauv paus txheej ntawm 35 cm ntawm coarse gravel yog tusyees faib thiab zoo compacted nrog lub vibrating phaj tau piav saum toj no (los ntawm cov khoom siv tsev xauj tsev). Thaum lub coarse gravel txheej yog cov khoom, ib txheej thib ob ntawm gravel li 5 cm tuab yog muab tso rau saum nws yuav tsum muaj cov nplua nplua chippings. Qhov no yog tshem tawm tusyees thiab huv si thiab ces compacted zoo. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txheej txheej: Tom qab co, txheej ntawm cov nplua chippings yuav tsum yog 1 cm siab tshaj qhov tiav nto, vim hais tias cov nyom paving pob zeb tog hauv los ntawm kwv yees li 1 cm thaum co.
Paj nyom pavers rau ntawm qhov chaw ruaj khov
Cov nyom paving pob zeb ces muab tso ua ke rau saum npoo:
- Lub honeycomb lawn grid pob zeb tsuas yog yuav tsum tau muab tso rau, lawv tsim kom haum ua ke cia li
- Tsim lawn pavers muab tso rau ntawm lub sijhawm teev tseg hauv cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus qhia
- Thaum cov nyom pavers nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, qhov filling tuaj yeem ntxiv rau cog
- Nws yog slurried nyob rau hauv thiab ces sprinkled nrog xuab zeb tom qab cov dej sawv ntsug tau ntws tawm
- Cia li rov qab zoo dua
- Yog tias muaj, koj tuaj yeem tso lub phaj hlau lossis cov ntawv ua haujlwm rau ntawm qhov chaw kom koj tuaj yeem ua kom lub ntsej muag nrog lub siab txawm tias nyob rau thaj tsam loj, thiab lub vibrator yuav tsum tau nruab nrog lub phaj roj hmab
- Tsis txhob siv lub npe hu ua "qav" rau kev tshee, nws qhov chaw sib chwv me dhau thiab nyiam ua kom puas tsuaj txhua ntug uas nws tsaws ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv
- Thaum lub sij hawm compaction, lub filling settles, feem ntau ib yam dab tsi yuav tsum tau refilled
- Rau cov pob zeb feem ntau, qhov txhaws yuav tsum xaus me ntsis hauv qab ntug ntawm lub pob zeb rau qhov laj thawj zoo li qub, yog li 3 txog 5 hli
- Tam sim no muaj kev txhawb nqa rov qab (kev txhawb nqa sloping ua los ntawm mortar) tuaj yeem txuas tau; yog tias tsim nyog, nws tuaj yeem ua lub txaj rau curbs
- Tam sim no cov nyom tuaj yeem tseb, xav txog kev sib kis cov noob sib xyaw kom cov nyom zoo
- Cov nyom me me yuav tsum tau txiav thawj zaug thaum nws siab 6 txog 8 cm
- Ntau zaus koj mow (cov lus qhia), qhov zoo dua muaj zog undergrass thiab densely rooted turf yuav tsim
Conclusion
Concrete lawn pavers yog yooj yim yooj yim rau nteg rau tej theem tom ntej load. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov zoo dua (thiab ntau zaus) cov chaw pw yog compacted thaum lub sij hawm teeb tsa, lawv yuav ruaj khov dua - tej zaum koj yuav tau npaj rau cov leeg mob ntau thaum koj nteg koj daim phiaj DIY lawn.
